Measures for Earthquake Disaster Prevention and Mitigation

One. How to avoid mudslides
1. When you stay or move in the valley, once you encounter heavy rain or heavy rain, you must quickly move to a safe high ground. Do not evade or stay under low-lying valleys or steep slopes.
2. Pay attention to the surrounding environment and be especially alert to the unusual sounds of landslides, floods, and roaring in the distance. This is probably an indication of the imminent debris flow.
3. When the debris flow hits, it is necessary to immediately run high on both sides of the ditch. Never run upstream or downstream in the direction of the ditch.
4. After the rainstorm stops, do not rush to return to the ditch. You should wait for some time.
Note: When camping in the wild, we must choose a flat highland as the site of the camp and try to avoid under the slopes or in valleys and valleys with rolling stones and large amounts of deposits.

II. Engineering measures to reduce or avoid mudslides
The engineering measures to reduce or avoid debris flow mainly include:
(1) Crossing Project One refers to the construction of bridges and culverts, which are crossed over from the top of the debris flow ditch, so that the debris flow is excreted below it to avoid mudslides. This is a common measure adopted by the railway and highway transportation departments to ensure traffic safety.
(2) Passing through the project - refers to the construction of tunnels, alums, or aqueducts, passing underneath debris flows, and letting mudslides drain from above. This is another major form of engineering for railroads and highways through the debris flow area.
(3) Protection project - refers to the riverside route or other major engineering measures for mountainous rivers with concentrated bridges, tunnels, roadbeds, and debris flows in the debris flow area. It is used as a protective building to resist or eliminate debris flow to the main body. Erosion, impact, lateral erosion and buried damage of buildings. The protection projects include: slope protection, retaining walls, dams and spurs.
(4) The conduct of the project - its role is to improve the flow of mudslides, increase the drainage capacity of bridges and other buildings, so that the debris flow smoothly discharged according to design intent. The drainage project includes diversion dams, rapids, and beam embankments.
(5) Barrier project—engineering measures to control solids and debris flow from mudslides, heavy rainfall, and flood runoff, and to reduce the flow, discharge, and energy of mudslides to reduce the risk of mudslide erosion, impact, and siltation in downstream construction projects. . Blocking measures include: slag dams, silt storage sites, retaining works, and flood interception projects.
For the prevention and control of mudslides, a combination of measures is often used, which is more effective than a single measure.

III. Forecast methods for debris flow
Debris flow forecasting is very important. This is an important step and measure for disaster prevention and mitigation. At present, the following methods are commonly used for forecasting and forecasting debris flows in China:
(1) In a typical debris flow ditch for fixed point observation studies, and strive to solve the problem of debris flow formation and movement parameters. For example, observation and study on debris flow in Jiangjiagou and Daqiaogou in Xiaojiang River Basin, Dongchuan City, Yunnan Province; observation and study on Shahe debris flow in Hanyuan County, Sichuan Province.
(2) To investigate the relevant parameters and characteristics of potential debris flow ditch.
(3) Strengthen the forecasting of hydrology and meteorology, especially for the forecast of small-scale local torrential rains. Because heavy rain is a trigger for debris flow. For example, when the monthly rainfall exceeds 350 mm, a daily mudslide warning should be issued when the daily rainfall exceeds 150 mm.
(4) The establishment of debris flow technology archives, especially the information on the drainage basin elements, formation conditions, disaster conditions, and remediation measures of large-scale debris flow ditches should be recorded one by one. And solve the problem of information reception and transmission.
(5) Dividing the dangerous areas of mudslides, potentially dangerous areas or zoning the sensitivity of debris flows.
(6) Research on debris flow disaster prevention siren and indoor debris flow model test.

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