Popularize first aid self-help knowledge, calmly deal with emergencies

[ Abstract ] In recent years, the number of emergencies and natural disasters in China has continuously increased, which tests our country's emergency rescue capabilities. In the first time when a disaster occurs, the on-site mass self-rescue and mutual rescue ability often directly concern the lives of the people and the size of people’s property and even state property losses. At present, the people's overall emergency rescue capability for self-rescue is not optimistic. China’s awareness of national disaster prevention is still quite weak. The masses’ lack of knowledge of self-rescue and mutual assistance in responding to emergencies and their limited capabilities have a lot to do with the reasons that have a lot to do with the lack of knowledge about popularizing first-aid self-help for the masses and students in schools. . Therefore, the public’s awareness of first aid should be strengthened, and first aid knowledge, first aid skills, and especially cardiopulmonary resuscitation skills should be popularized to citizens so as to maximise the public’s self-rescue ability for emergency education. Injury victims were prevented from timely and effective education.

[ Key words ] popularization, first-aid self-help knowledge, emergencies

0 Introduction

World Health Organization (WHO) as early as April 7, 1993 "World Health Day" in the statement issued pointed out: For a long time, people's lack of danger at home, on the road or in the workplace may encounter understanding, failed to form Public opinion, however, a new epidemiological model is emerging, accidents and physical injuries often have devastating consequences for the individual victim and his family. About 3.5 million people die each year from the damage caused by the accident and in everyday life. personal accident and collective violence, the number of injured to be treated as described above 100--150 times, of which about 2 million victims a permanent disability.

In recent years. Of emergencies increasing, "SARS", avian flu, foot and mouth epidemic, clenbuterol, Sudan, ice storms, earthquake and mine, crash, car accident, etc., especially since April 2009 Global Influenza The H1NI flu tests our country’s emergency capabilities.

- During the Wenchuan Earthquake, as seen from the TV screen, some of the wounded were rescued from the rubble under the rubble. The rescue workers did not use spine plates or rigid stretchers but used dice and sheets to transfer them. After a quake, the house is inevitably damaged due to the collapse of the house. However, if the vertebral body is damaged, paraplegia will occur. Instead, it is because of this “pull type rescue” or improper rescue method after being rescued. The soft fabrics that escort the wounded will result in increased spinal injury and paraplegics. These rescue methods cause secondary damage to survivors. '

In the event of a group injury in a major emergency, even medical personnel experienced a situation that should not occur due to weak professional education and inadequate emergency equipment. Therefore, the more you need to be trained in emergencies, the more professional rescue you need.

——At the Beijing Marathon and some major sports events in recent years, the contestants suddenly emerged fainting. We saw foreign friends holding rescue certificates to help each other—to do artificial respiration and chest cardiac compression. Many people in the country are stunned and do not know what to do. The best response is to make emergency calls. This phenomenon deserves our deep reflection: First, there is a general lack of preventive ideas and first aid knowledge. Society often believes that saving people is a matter for doctors, thinking that what they can do is to ask the emergency center for help in a timely manner. Second, it is true that China does not have a standardized training system for ambulance personnel. The Chinese lack training in first aid knowledge and do not have the qualifications for rescue. They dare not and will not provide assistance.

In public places of the United States, restaurants and civil aviation staff must possess the skills of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (cPR) certificate, once the customer situation, passengers appear. It can ensure that it can be effectively treated in the first scene. The reason why Americans could not be confused during the '' 9 • ll '' incident was closely related to their daily rescue ideas, knowledge, skills, rescue training, and exercises.

Americans are very stressed the concept of 'first responders' in. Our first aid expert Professor Zonghao had met at a restaurant in Houston's guest suddenly fell, the scene' 'first responders', a waiter immediately called _ 9ll, the ambulance arrived after 4 minutes. in four minutes, the waiter immediately to its basic first aid CPR, which laid the foundation for the subsequent success of the rescue.

Professor Li Zonghao pointed out that the most basic and most important purpose of first aid is to save lives, and the most important technique for saving lives is cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The most timely and effective rescue, represented by sudden cardiac death, can be summarized as four ''early'', ie early passage ( call emergency ) , early cardiopulmonary resuscitation ( 'Jiang Yiyi witness' rescue ) , Early cardiopulmonary defibrillation ( professional first-aid personnel rescue, or 'a witness' rescuer at a conditional site. In-vitro automatic defibrillation ) and early advanced life support ( professional emergency personnel use professional emergency equipment such as ambulances Rescue ) .

As the number of emergencies increases, on the one hand, the public’s awareness of first aid needs to be strengthened, and first aid knowledge, first aid skills, and especially CPR skills, should be popularized to the community and society so that the “first eyewitness” implements the real sense. rescue. On the other hand we should actively build my garden city emergency network, including to ambulances to regulate, basic equipment, looking for a good mechanism allowed after receiving calls can also be in the 4 - arrived on the scene seven minutes. It is necessary to establish and improve emergency medical organizations at all levels and form a network as soon as possible so as to maximize the functions of “emergency” and “dunk” so that trauma patients can receive prompt and effective treatment.

Out-of-hospital emergency requires a large number of professionally trained emergency personnel to perform this work. They are mainly engaged in basic life-saving techniques such as maintaining airway patency, artificial respiration, chest cardiac compression, wound dressing to stop bleeding, fracture fixation, and post-delivery delivery. Where these emergency personnel come from, how to conduct training is a problem that is worth exploring, and it is also an urgent issue that needs urgent solution. Foreign countries pay more attention to the training of first-aid personnel. First aid technicians, emergency doctors, police officers, firefighters and drivers who are engaged in first aid work shall undergo first aid training, focus on basic life first aid techniques and advanced life first aid techniques. After the training, they must undergo internship for a certain period of time and pass the national examination. Qualified certificate issued before they can engage in emergency medical work. However, our country’s work in this area is still relatively backward and some have not yet been carried out.

1 The importance of popularizing first aid self-help knowledge

Out-of-hospital emergency refers to the accidental accidents that occur in families, institutions, schools, factories, urban and rural residents, and emergency rescue work for critically ill patients. That is, the wounded and sick people have not yet gone outside the hospital for treatment, also known as first aid outside the hospital or First aid on the spot, it is an important first-line rescue work. The success or failure of out-of-hospital first aid is often an important indicator of the level of first aid in a region. At present, the Governments of medical aid, including hospital emergency -f. Focused attention, from the command, organization, personnel and equipment, etc., have formed a more complete organic structure.

Since the beginning of mankind, the out-of-hospital emergency work has taken shape in the fight against illness and injury, and it has continued to continue in human reproduction. With the need for progress and social development of science and technology, emergency medicine and gradually form --fl new and independent subject, it is currently in development and maturity stage. In a broad sense. Emergency medicine includes peacetime, wartime, various disasters, infectious diseases, etc., and also includes first aid outside hospitals and hospitals. The former is the basis of first aid, and the latter is the continuation of first aid. The success rate of hospital first aid is also an important aspect of a modern hospital. Out-of-hospital emergency care requires a strong network of medical personnel who are armed with medical science and zealous and specially trained outside-ambulance ambulance personnel. It also handles the sick and wounded in a timely and correct manner. It can greatly reduce the suffering of the sick and wounded, rescue the dying victims, minimize the disability rate, and greatly shorten the healing time. This fact has been confirmed both in peacetime and in wartime out-of-hospital first aid.

Strengthen the hospital’s first-aid concept and practical operation functions, attach importance to the hospital's subsequent rescue, improve the transfer of the sick and wounded, enrich emergency equipment, and make medical staff as close as possible to the sick and wounded, shorten the time from injury to treatment, and receive immediate results. Effect. Doing good outside hospitals will not only save valuable lives. It can also save big and small funds, but it can also inspire people’s morale. Get high praise from society. therefore. The success or failure of out-of-hospital emergency work often marks the level of medical prevention in a country and a region.

In short, out-of-hospital emergency occupies an important position in emergency medicine. The effectiveness of out-of-hospital emergency treatment plays an important role in the life and death of the sick and wounded and the prognosis. Out-of-hospital emergency care represents the emergency treatment capacity of society and medical institutions. It is a prominent symbol of modern emergency medical system and the main purpose of the establishment and development of emergency medical care system. This is not only a manifestation of the development level of a country's medical and health care, but also a manifestation of a country’s overall national strength. It is therefore increasingly drawing the attention of all countries.

2 Problems existing in the out-of-hospital emergency treatment in China

2 . 1 Policy and Regulations, Institutional Settings

(1) At present, although the health administrative departments at all levels of the state, governments at all levels, and the armed forces have emergency plans for public health emergencies, they are not compatible with each other and are not connected, and there is a lack of unified dispatching of rescue forces. A complete medical emergency plan system has not yet been established in various places, including the overall medical emergency plan for the local medical and health administrative departments, emergency plans for medical emergency agencies and treatment institutions, and drill plans.

Emergency plans and training plans for emergency medical institutions and treatment facilities.

(2) The medical emergency mechanism is not sound enough, and there is not enough coordination between medical treatment and health emergency response agencies. Emergency agencies set up small uniforms ( medical emergency centers and emergency aid

Heart ) , the function cannot be fully played. In many prefecture-level cities, emergency centers have not yet been established, and the infrastructure of medical aid agencies and treatment institutions is backward, funds are lacking, and equipment is insufficient. The technical force is not strong, the team is short of talents, the level of professional skills is not high, and the service system is still incomplete.

(3) Rescue technical measures are not scientific enough. Due to the different qualities of disaster incidents, the damages and injuries that occur are all the same. The selection and application of various technical measures in medical rescue are not the same. There are widespread misunderstandings and blind spots in the collection of rescue workers, the provision of rescue equipment , and the selection of rescue programs, which reduces the effectiveness of rescue operations. The development of medical emergency response capacity in the East and South Koreas is uneven, the standards are not uniform, the urban and rural areas are not equal, the information system is not sensitive enough, and the commanding and decision-making ability is not strong. The emergency response is not rapid. Insufficient resources, low capacity reserves, and extremely high medical emergency capabilities.

2 . 2 Emergency personnel training

At present, there are still the following problems in the training of first-aid personnel outside the hospital in China: (1) There is no uniform extracurricular emergency teaching material. At present, there are no emergency medical schools in China, and only a few medical colleges have emergency medical teaching and research offices. There may be no emergency medicine department. Emergency medicine is only taught as an elective or as a branch of internal medicine. Out-of-hospital emergency can only be a branch. Most of the emergency medical materials in the current emergency medicine textbooks are very simple. There is no unified hospital-based first-aid medical education textbook, which makes it possible to rely on non-standard first-aid training. The training content varies greatly from place to place.

(2) Lack of system and strict operation training. The existing training courses for out-of-hospital emergency physicians tend to focus on theoretical education and less operation. From the existing training courses, it has not been found that the operation time exceeds 3 days. Some training bases lack molds, even if they are operated. In a group operation, each person has too few opportunities to operate, so that many attending physicians do not have a good grasp of standard operating techniques such as basic life support (BLS) and advanced life support (ACLS) , and other emergency techniques such as defibrillation and trachea Intubation, trauma dressing, etc. are also small and non-standard.

(3) Drivers, police officers, tour guides, etc. only have simple induction training. The vast majority of out-of-hospital emergency drivers, police officers, and tour guides have only undergone induction training. Some even do not even have on-the-job training. They just know some of the work-related precautions, the simplest first-aid knowledge, and do not receive systematic emergency medical training. The citizens have knowledge of first aid sauce and education, so these people are difficult to participate in medical care in the first aid and it is even more difficult to work closely with the doctors.

(4) There is no regular recurring examination system. Physicians engaged in out-of-hospital emergency care are basically graduates of medical departments from medical colleges or from internal medicine and surgery. As long as they qualify as practicing doctors, they can perform first aid outside the hospital, and there is no requirement for them to have basic skills for first aid outside the hospital. In one year, there was no requirement for their technology to keep pace with the times; there was no requirement for drivers and stretchers to have medical emergency skills. The emergency personnel’s knowledge and skills caused by the system cannot be updated in a timely manner.

(5) Citizens generally lack the knowledge of self-help outside the hospital. At present, many schools, military units, and civil servants already have relevant training books, but teachers are not professional and impart knowledge. Citizens, workers, and farmers lack the necessary knowledge transmission.

3 Recommendations for popularizing the self-help knowledge outside the hospital

3 . 1 Establish and improve relevant laws and regulations to regulate public emergency self-help education in the form of laws and regulations

Enhancing disaster prevention capabilities is a task that all countries must constantly work on. Efforts to popularize emergency knowledge and improve emergency response capacity are needed to protect public life and property safety and minimize social disasters. We must establish and improve relevant laws and regulations as soon as possible, in the form of laws and regulations. To standardize public emergency self-help education. The construction of corresponding emergency laws and regulations shall be carried out at the government level to institutionalize and standardize emergency self-rescue and mutual rescue education and training, so that the public emergency self-help education will become law-abiding and legally observable. The protection of public emergency self-help education will be comprehensive and secure. , standardized and orderly promotion. The State Council's "National Overall Emergency Response Plan for Public Emergency Incidents" The nine special emergency plans established that the government is the protagonist, has taken the lead, assumed the main responsibility for the implementation of the preplan, and took measures in terms of systems, mechanisms, and investment. Increased ability to handle public emergencies. At the same time, the government is the leader of public emergency self-rescue education. It should formulate corresponding plans and carry out relevant emergency self-help education and exercises for the public in a planned, step-by-step, and focused manner.

3 . 2 strengthening emergency rescue team building professional

The construction of a medical emergency team and professional emergency rescue team with good ideological and physical conditions, strong technical skills and strong emergency response ability can achieve rapid response, efficient disposal, and treatment when responding to and controlling public accidents of various major casualties. Orderly medical emergency rescue requirements to minimize casualties. Medical institutions at all levels should establish a professional team for emergency medical treatment and be responsible for the medical treatment of regular, major accidents and general emergencies, as well as the occurrence of epidemics in their own jurisdiction, local natural disasters, and safety accidents and terrorist incidents. The public event medical treatment should be an emergency treatment task.

3 . 3 Strengthening emergency medical treatment information system

The modern society has entered the era of information networks and established a fast. An effective, accurate, and sensitive medical emergency response information system is for each country and region to respond to unexpected public events. Important measures to improve disaster emergency management capabilities. The construction of medical emergency response information system should be based on the emergency medical rescue command system of the emergency center, use the medical treatment hospital as the network, and share information resources with the disease control center information system to jointly form an 11 -person emergency command information platform for emergency public events . When responding to unexpected public events, the emergency rescue center can quickly dispatch emergency medical resources according to the emergency plan, understand events, evaluate and gather site information, and report in a timely manner. Accept the instruction. Commanders can use this system to monitor the rescue process, analyze rescue capabilities, and coordinate information exchange with public health and other emergency departments to ensure that medical emergencies resources maximize their emergency response capabilities and levels in the shortest possible time.

3 . 4 Key special personnel should strengthen business learning and training exercises

For special positions such as public security, fire protection, medical personnel, and special place security personnel, they should conduct comprehensive training in emergency self-help and rescue common sense, and they should often perform repeated exercises. The main contents should include: Prevention and emergency treatment of infectious diseases and sudden diseases. , poisoning prevention and first aid, fire prevention and fire escape, resistance to violence, traffic safety, household electricity and elevator accidents, hazardous chemicals, radioactive sources, natural disasters and accident prevention and emergency protection, and maintaining airway patency , artificial respiration, chest cardiac compression, wound dressing to stop bleeding, fracture set with the same, after the delivery and so on. It is imperative to do a good job of pre- and post-employment education and training for production personnel in high-risk industries and fields, and improve their skills for safe operation and immediate handling of accidents.

Foreign countries pay more attention to the training of first-aid personnel. First-aid technicians, emergency doctors, policemen, firefighters, and drivers who are involved in first-aid work must undergo first-aid training. They should focus on basic life first aid technology and advanced life first aid technology. After an internship for a certain period of time, and after passing the national examination, a qualification certificate is issued to be able to perform emergency medical work.

The Red Cross Society of China and Red Cross Societies at all levels have also organized training for Red Cross ambulance crews, conducted on-site rescue skills training for various groups of people ( such as university students, police officers, drivers, tour guides, etc. ) and issued Red Cross ambulance certificate. . The Fujian Red Cross Society has organized a book about “On-site Ambulance” ( published by Fujian Science and Technology Press ) to organize relevant first-aid experts to serve as training materials for on-site rescue training. It irregularly conducts rescue training for special populations and uses Red Cross Day. Disaster-relief activities and other opportunities provide the public with on-site rescue skills. These are effective methods for building an outside emergency team.

3 . 5 Enhance public emergency self-help propaganda and education, raise awareness of civil crisis and emergency self-rescue and mutual rescue awareness and ability for disaster prevention and reduction

Life awareness education and emergency risk aversion education are required courses for citizens in many countries. At present, most Chinese public safety awareness and self-protection capabilities are still extremely weak. Therefore, it is expected that safety education will become the norm, and that measures for emergency avoidance will be popularized and popularized among all citizens. Publicity and education departments should use publications, printed books, filming materials, and knowledge lectures in various forms such as books, newspapers, periodicals, radio, Internet, television, and community bulletin boards to increase the dissemination of relevant knowledge. Widely publicize relevant laws and regulations and emergency plans, popularize public safety, emergency management, disaster prevention and relief, and self-help knowledge, raise people's awareness of self-rescue, and increase public participation in emergency management and self-rescue capabilities. Through extensive publicity, especially prevention, risk aversion, self-rescue, mutual rescue, disaster reduction and other knowledge, enhance the public's awareness of crisis and awareness of social responsibility. Improve self-rescue and mutual rescue capabilities. Form a good situation of mobilization of the whole people, prevention as the mainstay, and prevention and mitigation of the entire society. At the same time, organically combine emergency drills with the popularization of emergency knowledge and improve people’s emergency response capabilities. All relevant units must organize carefully, formulate specific plans for publicity activities, and take effective measures to ensure the effectiveness of publicity. Through publicity, public safety awareness will be enhanced and the public’s ability to save themselves and save themselves will be enhanced. National training schools should become an important propaganda base for disaster prevention and reduction. Let disaster prevention and disaster reduction knowledge be disseminated into schools, enterprises, rural areas, and public places, and carry out some disaster prevention drills on a regular basis. Change the book disaster prevention knowledge into actual disaster resistance.

3 . 6 Establish a professional training teacher coaching team

The public emergency self-rescue education method should promote the combination of knowledge lectures and practical drills. It can establish public emergency self-rescue education and training schools, train a large number of professional training teachers and coaches, ensure that teachers have comprehensive knowledge, rich experience, can explain in depth, and have vivid lessons. Ensure educational effectiveness.

The information in this article comes from the Internet and was reorganized and edited by China Rescue Equipment Network.