"Made in China" faces five "soft ribs"

Since the 1990s, China's manufacturing industry has achieved rapid development. According to the report issued by the National Bureau of Statistics, with the strengthening of industrial infrastructure and the continuous expansion of production capacity, China has gradually become a major manufacturing country in the world. Among the 22 industrial categories, China's manufacturing industry ranks first in the world in seven major categories, and 15 major categories rank among the top three. Among the total exports of China's manufacturing industry, high-tech products have exceeded 40%, which indicates that China is already moving toward a “global configuration” manufacturing center.

Although the pace of China's manufacturing industry is attracting worldwide attention, the 2010 China Manufacturing Enterprise Top 500 analysis report released by the China Enterprise Confederation still shows that under the impact of the financial crisis, China's manufacturing industry is in labor productivity, R&D investment, energy consumption, and wages. Cost and management face five major "soft spots", which restricts the transformation and upgrading of China's manufacturing enterprises.

Low labor productivity
The data shows that the core problem that China's manufacturing industry cannot hide under high-speed growth is that labor productivity and added value are low. China's current manufacturing labor productivity is about 4.38% in the US, 4.37% in Japan, and 5.56% in Germany. There is still a big gap between the quality of China's manufacturing industry and developed countries.

From the perspective of the intermediate input contribution coefficient, the intermediate input of one unit value in developed countries can roughly get 1 unit or more of newly created value, while China can only get the newly created value of 0.56 units. The rate of increase is another comprehensive indicator of the efficiency of an economy's input and output. At present, the added value rate of China's manufacturing industry is only 26%, which is 23, 22, and 11 percentage points lower than that of the United States, Japan, and Germany. Even in comparison with other developing countries, the value added of our manufacturing industry is lower than that of Latin America and the Caribbean and developing regions of West Asia and Europe.

Judging from the overall profit return rate of the industry, the manufacturing industry of the United States and Japan is a high-margin industry. In recent years, despite the decline in the proportion of manufacturing in the United States, the US manufacturing output still accounts for 16% of GDP. Of all the products exported to the United States, manufacturing products account for 72%. In contrast, in recent years, China's manufacturing industry's profit rate and return on capital have been decreasing year by year. Since October 2008, the growth rate of domestic manufacturing industry has increased to a certain extent compared with the same period in 2007. The decline in corporate profits indicates that corporate profitability has weakened and the production and operation situation has become more severe.

The China Enterprise Confederation believes that the characteristics of China's manufacturing development are summarized as “two highs and one low”: that is, the manufacturing industry has a high growth rate and a high proportion of GDP; the per capita manufacturing value is low. The current situation of "two highs and one low" indicates that there is still a lot of room for development in China's manufacturing industry. On the other hand, it also shows that the structural contradictions faced by China's manufacturing industry in the next step will be a prominent constraint.

R & D investment has been insufficient
The investment in R&D expenses of large international companies generally accounts for about 5% of sales revenue, or even 10%-15%. However, most enterprises in China except for Huawei, such as “French”, are less than 5%. The standard.

The reason why China's manufacturing industry has been at the low end of the international industrial chain for a long time is that the technological innovation capability of the manufacturing industry is still weak, and there are few core technologies and patents with independent intellectual property rights. Taking the core component integrated circuit in the information industry as an example, the number of patent applications filed in China only accounts for 1.74% of the world. The largest number of applications for integrated circuit patents in China are Japanese companies, accounting for 43.5%, followed by the United States, accounting for 15.8%, followed by South Korea, accounting for 13.9%, while domestic companies applying for only 8 %. Insufficient innovation capacity has constrained manufacturing companies to rapidly increase product added value and industrial competitiveness.

The root cause of the above problems is that China's investment in research and development funds is at a lower level in the world, and it is far from the developed countries. The investment in R&D expenses of large international companies generally accounts for about 5% of sales revenue, or even 10%-15%. However, most enterprises in China except for Huawei, such as “French”, are less than 5%. The standard. Even in the top 500 Chinese manufacturing enterprises based on the essence of China's manufacturing enterprises, the R&D investment of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2005-2010 was 1.88%, 2.29%, 2.41%, 2.13 respectively. %, 1.95%, 2.03%.

Especially in recent years, after the R&D investment reached a peak of 2.41%, it turned down and remained at around 2%, which is less than half of the 5% R&D level of large international companies. The serious shortage of funds has greatly reduced the effectiveness of technology introduction. Therefore, China's industrial technology can not only effectively assist the improvement and improvement of the processing capacity of enterprises, but also it is difficult to follow the transfer of advanced technology of foreign enterprises to catch up with the digestion and absorption and imitate innovation. .

Trouble with "big business disease"
The so-called "big enterprise disease" refers to the characteristics of bloated, multiple leadership, and brain drain, and the bloated organization is the basic feature of "big business disease."

The China Enterprise Confederation’s multi-year follow-up survey of Chinese manufacturing companies found that many of the top 500 companies in China’s manufacturing industry have different levels of “big business diseases”. The performance is as follows: First, the "high fever", the rapid growth of enterprises makes managers' heads hot and lacks calmness; the second is "obesity", the organizational structure of enterprises is expanding, the management level is increased, and the effectiveness of decision-making execution is greatly reduced.

Kelon Group, once a flag of China's township and village enterprises, has also suffered losses in its operations in recent years. Xu Tiefeng, the president of Kelon, once said without hesitation, “Kelon’s production and sales have continued to grow in recent years, but there have been signs of crisis: the growth rate has slowed down and the profitability has declined. After the company’s scale is large, it will encounter a’ The problem of big business sickness, that is, the so-called internal consumption is too much."

High energy-consuming projects rebound
According to the figures of the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, since 2009, illegal construction and blind expansion of production have intensified the contradiction of overcapacity. National cement investment increased by more than 78% year-on-year. Currently, there are more than 200 cement production lines under construction, and the newly added capacity exceeds 200 million tons. China's shipbuilding industry has an excess capacity of about 16 million deadweight tons, accounting for about a quarter of the total capacity.

Behind the rapid development of China's manufacturing industry, most enterprises are “big but not strong”, and the waste of energy consumption and excessive pollution have reached an unprecedented level. According to the analysis of the China Enterprise Confederation, since the fall of 2008, due to the objective reality of fighting the international financial crisis and ensuring economic growth, high-energy projects in various regions have rebounded.

The rebound of high-energy-consuming projects caused the energy-saving and emission-reduction indicators in 2009 to be only 3.61%, which failed to reach the level of 5% in 2007 and 2008, and even the average of 4% in five years did not reach. What's more, in the first quarter of 2010, due to the rapid growth of high-energy-consuming industries and the resurgence of some backward production capacity, the national energy consumption per unit of GDP has not decreased, but has increased. This adds new difficulty to the completion of the five-year consumption reduction target.

Wage boosting costs
According to a recent survey conducted by the China Entrepreneur Survey System, the most important difficulties encountered in the current business development are in the order of the top two in terms of the choice of business operators: “increased labor costs” and “increased energy and raw material costs”. .

The top three factors that have a major impact on manufacturing costs are labor wages. Especially after the promulgation of the Labor Contract Law in 2008 and the implementation of strict minimum wage standards, the increase in labor costs is even more inevitable.

A US consulting firm's research shows that China's labor costs are already higher than the other seven countries in Asia. The average labor cost in China's coastal areas is $1.08 per hour, and inland provinces are $5.55-0.8. The seventh-ranked India is $0.51 an hour, and the lowest labor cost is in Bangladesh, which is only one-fifth the price of Shanghai and Suzhou.

Since 2010, the increase in wage levels has contributed to the cost. More than 10 provinces across the country have raised the minimum wage standard by more than 10%, and some provinces have exceeded 20%. Some overseas companies such as Foxconn and Honda have also taken salary increases, with an average increase of between 10% and 20%. It is predicted that domestic wages will increase by double digits this year due to the shortage of domestic labor and the increased awareness of workers' self-protection.

Relevant analysis believes that the increase in wages is a kind of “repayment” for the workers, which is an inevitable requirement for the sustainable development of the manufacturing industry. At the same time, it must be noted that in the case of China's relatively slow industrial upgrading and low added value of the manufacturing industry, raising wages has actually increased the cost pressure of enterprises, which has eroded the profits of enterprises to some extent. Therefore, the rise in wages objectively requires enterprises to "goodbye" the low-cost factors of labor that they depended on in the past, accelerate the pace of transformation and upgrading, and transform the development model before they can turn pressure into motivation and turn bad things into good things.

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Expert: Manufacturing enterprise service is an important development direction
At present, with the diversification and upgrading of consumer demand, the integration between modern manufacturing and productive services is growing. This kind of integration is more manifested in the penetration of the service industry into the manufacturing industry. Experts believe that the service enterprise of manufacturing enterprises is an important development direction of manufacturing enterprises that already have considerable scale and strength.

At present, there are three main development paths and typical models:

Relying on the manufacturing industry to develop the service industry. Many traditional manufacturing companies have integrated their existing businesses by developing productive service industries, forming new business growth points and enhancing the overall competitiveness of enterprises through the integration of industries. Among many well-known manufacturing companies in the United States, the service industry accounts for a growing proportion of corporate income and profits, and it is difficult to judge whether it is a manufacturing enterprise or a service enterprise. Typical representatives are companies such as General Electric Company, Hewlett-Packard Company, and Cisco. Therefore, manufacturing enterprises can rely on the manufacturing industry to actively develop productive service industries such as business finance, consumer finance, and information technology with rich profits and broad development prospects, so that the manufacturing functions and service functions of enterprises can be integrated into one, greatly enhancing the market. Competitiveness.

In addition, some large-scale traditional manufacturing companies in the world are developing from selling products to providing services and complete solutions. Operation management has expanded from manufacturing to service, and service business has become a new growth point and source of profit. For example, IBM, as an information industry multinational company, made a strategic transformation from hardware to software and service industry in the 1990s. It turned out to be a great success.

With the gradual rise of labor costs and the development of the competitive environment, the profit margin of the manufacturing and manufacturing sector has been very small. Under this background, many internationally renowned large-scale manufacturing enterprises actively carry out industrial chain restructuring and gradually focus on the business. Manufacturing has turned to manufacturing services such as process control, product development, marketing, and customer management, from manufacturing to service providers. The typical representative of this aspect is Nike Company of the United States. Although Nike is a shoe company, it has not adopted the traditional way of building its own factory. With the production organization of manufacturing outsourcing, Nike has achieved rapid development and also obtained Excess profits.

China's top 500 manufacturing industry: the development speed is slowing, the industry gap is widening
The China Enterprise Confederation recently announced the 2010 China Manufacturing Corporation Top 500 Analysis Report. The results show that after the impact of the financial crisis, the growth of Chinese manufacturing companies has been subject to certain resistance. Although the scale benefits have risen against the trend, the growth has deteriorated, and the development speed has Slowed down.

Profits still come mainly from a few large companies
The analysis report shows that the overall size and average size of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2010 have risen against the trend, but the growth rate has dropped significantly. The total operating income of the top 500 enterprises reached 132.239 billion yuan, and the average operating income was 26.4 billion yuan, which was 2% higher than the total operating income and average operating income of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2009, but the growth rate was 25 percentage points lower than the previous year. . The total assets reached 1,368.3 billion yuan, and the average assets were 27.3 billion yuan, an increase of more than 16% over the previous year. The growth rate was 14 percentage points lower than the previous year.

The overall economic benefits of the 2010 China Manufacturing Enterprises Top 500 have increased. The top 500 companies realized a profit of 524.4 billion yuan, an increase of 26.46% from the previous year's 414.7 billion yuan. The profit level was better than expected.

However, the analysis also shows that although the economic benefits have improved, the gap between enterprises is still wide. In 2010, there were 123 enterprises in China's top 500 manufacturing enterprises with profits exceeding 1 billion yuan, 16 more than the previous year. Their total profit was 407.2 billion yuan, accounting for 77% of the total profit of the manufacturing industry. This ratio has increased by 2.64 percentage points over the previous year. This shows that the profits of China's manufacturing enterprises are still mainly from a few super-large enterprises, and this phenomenon will not change in the short term. Among them, the top three companies in China's top 500 manufacturing enterprises in 2010 are China Petrochemical Corporation, Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. and China FAW Group Corporation. The three companies realized a total profit of 73.4 billion yuan, accounting for 14% of the total profit of China's top 500 manufacturing enterprises in 2010, an increase of 3.45 percentage points over the previous year. This shows that the trend of profit concentration in manufacturing enterprises has rebounded.

Most companies' growth rate is concentrated below 50%
China Petroleum and Chemical Corporation, which ranks first in the top 500, has assets totaling 1,288.8 billion yuan and operating income of 139.19 billion yuan, while Shandong Jinzhengda Ecological Engineering Co., Ltd., ranked 500th, has assets and operating income of 3 billion yuan respectively. Yuan, 4.1 billion yuan, respectively, accounted for 0.226% and 0.30% of Sinopec, the two ratios were lower than the previous year's values ​​of 0.78% and 0.33%. It shows that the scale gap of manufacturing enterprises is still increasing, and the trend of “the gap between rich and poor” has not changed.

From the comparison of the top 10 enterprises of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies and the last 10 enterprises, the total revenue and total assets of the top 10 enterprises were 3,173.7 billion yuan and 3,356.8 billion yuan respectively, and the last 10 enterprises were open. The total income and total assets were 42.1 billion yuan and 23.9 billion yuan respectively. The total revenue and total assets of the last 10 were only 1.33% and 0.71% of the top 10 enterprises, while the previous two ratios were 1.64%. With 2.24%.

This again shows that the gap between the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2010 is still large, and this gap is increasing year by year.

Not only that, the scale of the 2010 China Manufacturing Corporation's top 500 is still very serious, and the distribution is still as large as before. In terms of operating income, 22 of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies have revenues of more than 100 billion yuan, the same as the previous year; 34 of 500-100 billion yuan, 9 more than last year; 100-500 billion yuan There are 251, 14 fewer than the previous year; 145 with 5-10 billion yuan, 32 fewer than the previous year; 48 with less than 5 billion yuan, 37 more than last year.

In addition, from the data change analysis of the operating income growth rate and asset growth rate of the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2010, it is found that more and more enterprises are growing poorly. Although most enterprises have achieved different degrees of growth, the number of enterprises with negative growth in operating income has reached 99, an increase of 31 over the previous year, and 32 companies with negative growth in assets, a decrease of 51 from the previous year. The growth rate of most companies is almost concentrated below 50%.

Nearly 40% of enterprises' R&D investment is less than 1%

The number of enterprises selected in various industries is relatively scattered, the concentration is getting lower and lower, and the industry gap is obvious. The top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in 2010 are distributed in 37 industries. The characteristics of the unemployed enterprises' unemployed distribution are similar to those of the previous years. The number of enterprises selected by the ferrous metallurgy and rolling processing industry is still the largest, while the agriculture and forestry machinery, equipment and spare parts manufacturing industries and electronic office equipment and imaging equipment manufacturing industries with the lowest number of short-listed enterprises respectively There is only one company, and there are still many industries without companies.

The survey also found that the top 500 Chinese manufacturing companies in the geographical distribution of 2010, compared with the past, little change. It is still dominated by the eastern region, accounting for 69%.

It is worth mentioning that in the distribution of ownership system, among the top 500 Chinese manufacturing enterprises in 2010, state-owned enterprises and private enterprises basically account for half of each. State-owned enterprises accounted for 45%, and private enterprises accounted for 55%. However, although the state-owned enterprises are slightly lower than private enterprises, the scale is much larger than that of private enterprises. Among them, the total operating income and total profit were two, and 225 state-owned enterprises were 915.8 billion yuan and 317.5 billion yuan respectively. The above indicators of 275 private enterprises are 4,065.9 billion yuan and 206.9 billion yuan, which is much lower than that of state-owned enterprises.

In addition, the investment in Chinese manufacturing companies is not optimistic in terms of R&D investment that represents the innovation capability of enterprises. Although the total investment in research and development of 475 companies with data in the top 500 exceeded 261.9 billion yuan, an increase of nearly 9% over the previous year. Among the top 500 companies, only 4 of them have R&D investment accounting for more than 10% of their operating income. Nearly 40% of R&D investment accounts for less than 1% of operating income.

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