At present, many types of UPS are introduced in China, and different products come from different countries and manufacturers. The working principle and specific circuit design of these UPSs are all the same. In particular, some manufacturers often erase the marks related to IC models for commercial needs. All these factors bring certain difficulties to the use and maintenance of UPS. Nevertheless, some commonalities can still be found for some common UPS usage rules. The following provides some clues for the correct use and maintenance of UPS for your reference.
(1) In the standby UPS design, to reduce the production cost, it uses the same main power transformer both in the mains supply and the battery supply. When this type of UPS is powered by a battery, the position of its AC output live wire and neutral wire is fixed, and the user cannot change their mutual order. And because the zero line of the UPS's mains input is the ground of the UPS control line, users must comply with the manufacturer's product specifications when using this UPS.
(2) The actual available capacity of the batteries in all UPSs is closely related to the size of the battery discharge current, the ambient operating temperature of the battery, the length of the storage time, and the nature of the load (resistive, inductive, and capacitive). If the UPS cannot be used correctly, the actual capacity of the battery will only be a small part of the nominal capacity of the battery. Therefore, the user must pay attention to the following points when using the battery:
A. Excessive discharge of the battery and idle use of the battery for a long period of time will cause a large amount of lead sulfate to be generated inside the battery and be adsorbed on the cathode of the battery to form a so-called "sulfation" of the cathode. As a result, the battery is caused. As the internal resistance increases, the rechargeable battery's charge and discharge performance deteriorates. The service life of the commonly used M-type sealed lead-acid batteries is about 3-5 years.
B. For most of the current UPS, when the battery is fully discharged, the battery can be floated using the internal battery charging circuit of the UPS. In order to ensure that the battery is recharged into a saturated state, the charging time is generally 10 to 12 hours. Insufficient charging time will cause the battery to be undercharged. At this time, the actual available capacity of the battery is much lower than the nominal capacity of the battery. For some UPS, when the mains voltage is lower than 200V, it is impossible to use the charging circuit inside the UPS to charge the battery.
C. Some users use the method of reducing the actual load power of the UPS or increasing the battery capacity to extend the discharge time of the battery.
D. When the UPS battery encounters one of the following conditions during use, in order to resurrect the rechargeable battery's charge and discharge characteristics, a balanced charging method should be adopted. The so-called equalization charge is an operation method in which each battery cell is connected in parallel and charged with a uniform charging voltage. The need for balanced charging of batteries is as follows:
• Excessive discharge causes the battery's terminal voltage to drop below the battery's allowable discharge termination voltage. For 12V M-type lead-acid batteries, the final discharge voltage is about 10.5V;
E. To ensure that the battery has good charge and discharge characteristics, for long-term idle UPS (empirical data is UPS shutdown more than 10 days), before re-booting, it is best not to add a load, let the UPS use the charging circuit inside the machine Float the battery for 10 to 12 hours before use. For users of stand-by UPS, if the UPS is working in standby mode for a long time, it is recommended to leave the UPS in the inverter working state for at least 2-3 minutes every two months to activate the battery.
(3) For most UPSs, when they are in the inverter power supply state, their load characteristics are generally required to be purely resistive or capacitive. When the load is capacitive, its power factor requirement is greater than about 0.8. Therefore, for those users with inductive loads, attention should be paid to adjusting their total load reactance to meet the condition of power factor greater than 0.9 as much as possible. Otherwise, the actual load power that the UPS can bear will decrease. Manufacturer's Recommendation: The maximum starting load of the UPS is preferably controlled within 80% of the rated output power of the UPS. For a sine wave output UPS, when its load is less than 30% of the UPS rated output power, its output voltage waveform distortion coefficient will increase slightly. Practice has proved that for most UPS, it is the best working method to control the load within the range of 30% to 60% of the rated output power of the UPS. Therefore, users who have requirements on the AC input waveform should pay attention to this.
(D) For the standby UPS, when it is in the backup working state powered by the mains, although it has anti-jamming automatic voltage regulator function, but it does not have the output short circuit automatic protection function (usually using AC input fuse to achieve Limiting). Therefore, for this type of UPS users, the capacity of the fuse in the AC input circuit must not be arbitrarily increased. Only when this kind of power source is in the inverter power supply condition, it also has automatic voltage regulation and output short circuit automatic protection function.
(v) For a standby square-wave output UPS, because there is no technical means to precisely adjust its square wave operating frequency in its control line, when the power supply is in the inverter power supply state, sometimes it The square wave operating frequency is likely to deviate significantly from 50Hz. In addition, for a square wave output UPS, when it is in the inverter power supply, long-term no-load operation is not suitable.
(6) For the standby UPS, the following potentiometers are generally set to adjust the operating point:
• Adjust the UPS mains supply - the magnitude of the conversion voltage for the inverter supply operation;
• Adjust the output voltage of the UPS inverter;
• Adjust the charging voltage of the battery charging circuit.
For on-line UPS, generally only provide a potentiometer to adjust the size of UPS AC output voltage. Which potentiometer should be adjusted specifically, under normal circumstances, the user should not easily adjust other potentiometers inside the machine. If not, the UPS control line will be misaligned and the machine will not work properly.
(7) Most UPSs currently on the market have anti-jamming automatic voltage regulation. Therefore, under normal circumstances, there is no need to add anti-jamming AC voltage regulator. If the user must use an AC voltage regulator, the AC voltage regulator can be used as the input stage of the UPS.
(8) When selecting a long-delay UPS, in order to ensure that the battery can be used efficiently, increase its effective available capacity and extend the service life of the battery, a charger with an improved constant current charging characteristic should be selected. If a general cut-off constant voltage charger is used, it will inevitably lead to a rapid deterioration of battery performance. For long-delay UPSs, the cost of the battery pack often exceeds the cost of the UPS host, so users should be aware of this.
(9) If the user is using a small diesel generator to supply power during a power outage, because the internal resistance of the diesel generator is much greater than the internal resistance of the mains grid, it may lead to the standby UPS supplying power to the mains. When the diesel engine is powered, the output voltage of the UPS AC voltage regulator circuit has a large difference. In this situation, the user should readjust the UPS's AC voltage regulator operating point.
(10) For a backup UPS with square wave output, the conversion time between the mains supply and the inverter supply is approximately 4 to 9 ms. This kind of situation cannot guarantee 100% reliable supply of power to the load. For this type of power supply, if a single accidental failure causes the computer's work program to be interrupted or destroyed, that is, the computer generates a "self-test" operation does not mean that it has failed. Therefore, the square-wave output UPS should not be used in the computer network power supply system.
(11) If a square-wave output UPS is used as a host in a long-delay UPS, it will cause the increase in the failure rate of the computer hardware. In principle, the UPS with sine wave output should be selected as the host in the long-delay UPS system.
(1) In the standby UPS design, to reduce the production cost, it uses the same main power transformer both in the mains supply and the battery supply. When this type of UPS is powered by a battery, the position of its AC output live wire and neutral wire is fixed, and the user cannot change their mutual order. And because the zero line of the UPS's mains input is the ground of the UPS control line, users must comply with the manufacturer's product specifications when using this UPS.
(2) The actual available capacity of the batteries in all UPSs is closely related to the size of the battery discharge current, the ambient operating temperature of the battery, the length of the storage time, and the nature of the load (resistive, inductive, and capacitive). If the UPS cannot be used correctly, the actual capacity of the battery will only be a small part of the nominal capacity of the battery. Therefore, the user must pay attention to the following points when using the battery:
A. Excessive discharge of the battery and idle use of the battery for a long period of time will cause a large amount of lead sulfate to be generated inside the battery and be adsorbed on the cathode of the battery to form a so-called "sulfation" of the cathode. As a result, the battery is caused. As the internal resistance increases, the rechargeable battery's charge and discharge performance deteriorates. The service life of the commonly used M-type sealed lead-acid batteries is about 3-5 years.
B. For most of the current UPS, when the battery is fully discharged, the battery can be floated using the internal battery charging circuit of the UPS. In order to ensure that the battery is recharged into a saturated state, the charging time is generally 10 to 12 hours. Insufficient charging time will cause the battery to be undercharged. At this time, the actual available capacity of the battery is much lower than the nominal capacity of the battery. For some UPS, when the mains voltage is lower than 200V, it is impossible to use the charging circuit inside the UPS to charge the battery.
C. Some users use the method of reducing the actual load power of the UPS or increasing the battery capacity to extend the discharge time of the battery.
D. When the UPS battery encounters one of the following conditions during use, in order to resurrect the rechargeable battery's charge and discharge characteristics, a balanced charging method should be adopted. The so-called equalization charge is an operation method in which each battery cell is connected in parallel and charged with a uniform charging voltage. The need for balanced charging of batteries is as follows:
• Excessive discharge causes the battery's terminal voltage to drop below the battery's allowable discharge termination voltage. For 12V M-type lead-acid batteries, the final discharge voltage is about 10.5V;
E. To ensure that the battery has good charge and discharge characteristics, for long-term idle UPS (empirical data is UPS shutdown more than 10 days), before re-booting, it is best not to add a load, let the UPS use the charging circuit inside the machine Float the battery for 10 to 12 hours before use. For users of stand-by UPS, if the UPS is working in standby mode for a long time, it is recommended to leave the UPS in the inverter working state for at least 2-3 minutes every two months to activate the battery.
(3) For most UPSs, when they are in the inverter power supply state, their load characteristics are generally required to be purely resistive or capacitive. When the load is capacitive, its power factor requirement is greater than about 0.8. Therefore, for those users with inductive loads, attention should be paid to adjusting their total load reactance to meet the condition of power factor greater than 0.9 as much as possible. Otherwise, the actual load power that the UPS can bear will decrease. Manufacturer's Recommendation: The maximum starting load of the UPS is preferably controlled within 80% of the rated output power of the UPS. For a sine wave output UPS, when its load is less than 30% of the UPS rated output power, its output voltage waveform distortion coefficient will increase slightly. Practice has proved that for most UPS, it is the best working method to control the load within the range of 30% to 60% of the rated output power of the UPS. Therefore, users who have requirements on the AC input waveform should pay attention to this.
(D) For the standby UPS, when it is in the backup working state powered by the mains, although it has anti-jamming automatic voltage regulator function, but it does not have the output short circuit automatic protection function (usually using AC input fuse to achieve Limiting). Therefore, for this type of UPS users, the capacity of the fuse in the AC input circuit must not be arbitrarily increased. Only when this kind of power source is in the inverter power supply condition, it also has automatic voltage regulation and output short circuit automatic protection function.
(v) For a standby square-wave output UPS, because there is no technical means to precisely adjust its square wave operating frequency in its control line, when the power supply is in the inverter power supply state, sometimes it The square wave operating frequency is likely to deviate significantly from 50Hz. In addition, for a square wave output UPS, when it is in the inverter power supply, long-term no-load operation is not suitable.
(6) For the standby UPS, the following potentiometers are generally set to adjust the operating point:
• Adjust the UPS mains supply - the magnitude of the conversion voltage for the inverter supply operation;
• Adjust the output voltage of the UPS inverter;
• Adjust the charging voltage of the battery charging circuit.
For on-line UPS, generally only provide a potentiometer to adjust the size of UPS AC output voltage. Which potentiometer should be adjusted specifically, under normal circumstances, the user should not easily adjust other potentiometers inside the machine. If not, the UPS control line will be misaligned and the machine will not work properly.
(7) Most UPSs currently on the market have anti-jamming automatic voltage regulation. Therefore, under normal circumstances, there is no need to add anti-jamming AC voltage regulator. If the user must use an AC voltage regulator, the AC voltage regulator can be used as the input stage of the UPS.
(8) When selecting a long-delay UPS, in order to ensure that the battery can be used efficiently, increase its effective available capacity and extend the service life of the battery, a charger with an improved constant current charging characteristic should be selected. If a general cut-off constant voltage charger is used, it will inevitably lead to a rapid deterioration of battery performance. For long-delay UPSs, the cost of the battery pack often exceeds the cost of the UPS host, so users should be aware of this.
(9) If the user is using a small diesel generator to supply power during a power outage, because the internal resistance of the diesel generator is much greater than the internal resistance of the mains grid, it may lead to the standby UPS supplying power to the mains. When the diesel engine is powered, the output voltage of the UPS AC voltage regulator circuit has a large difference. In this situation, the user should readjust the UPS's AC voltage regulator operating point.
(10) For a backup UPS with square wave output, the conversion time between the mains supply and the inverter supply is approximately 4 to 9 ms. This kind of situation cannot guarantee 100% reliable supply of power to the load. For this type of power supply, if a single accidental failure causes the computer's work program to be interrupted or destroyed, that is, the computer generates a "self-test" operation does not mean that it has failed. Therefore, the square-wave output UPS should not be used in the computer network power supply system.
(11) If a square-wave output UPS is used as a host in a long-delay UPS, it will cause the increase in the failure rate of the computer hardware. In principle, the UPS with sine wave output should be selected as the host in the long-delay UPS system.
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